Any bisiness artical that has been new nd happened for the last few Essay

Any bisiness artical that has been new nd occurred throughout the previous barely any months - Essay Example All components of creation in the business, may it be, work, capital, crude materials or undertaking progresses in the direction of accomplishing a shared objective that is set for the organization, and all exercises completed inside the business should lead the organization towards accomplishing its definitive objective (Nolan, pp.148-152). Organizations also are run in an orderly way, include different procedures, and have various guidelines and guidelines that must be trailed by those engaged with it. One can watch furthermore various offices in each business that oversees different exercises, for example, the showcasing office, account division, advancement and promoting office, client care office, and so forth (Nolan, pp. 20-39). Various outer and inward factors, which may incorporate swelling rates, loan fees, and the conversion scale of a country’s money can likewise impact each business and different aptitudes are required so as to maintain a business easily and effect ively alongside accomplishing its destinations. As of late, because of the seismic tremor in Japan, which was trailed by a tidal wave, numerous progressions have happened in various organizations in the nation. In an article by Alex Taylor (2011), found on the CNN site, the writer (Taylor, 2011) discusses how Japan’s auto making industry is down however not out. He expresses that the two cataclysmic events that as of late happened will most likely reason different deficiencies in the business, however as noted previously, Japanese automakers have the ability to discover out of calamities effectively. The writer (Taylor, 2011) further states in his article that a Toyota agent had detailed that no passings or wounds have been under notification in the Toyota parts plants and auxiliaries, however the plants have doubtlessly endured harm. As indicated by Alex (Taylor, 2011), Toyota intends to keep its 12 principle get together plants in the nation shut until Tuesday and the compa ny’s agent expressed this may make Toyota lose 95,000 units of vehicles that could have been under creation. Because of this, Toyota decreased increasing speed of the procedure of creation in North America so as to save parts (Gholz, pp. 26-30). Japan’s auto making industry (Shimokawa, pp. 56-64) is at present attempting to recuperate and oppose from reaching a conclusion, while individuals in the nation are caught up with covering the dead, safeguarding and restoring the living residents and managing the outcome of the extraordinary catastrophe. Korea’s Tong Yang Securities expresses that creation in the business will definitely not have the option to return to typical very soon, despite the fact that security examiners are very caught up with carrying out their responsibility and assessing the consequences of the significant calamity. Insights (Taylor, 2011) remembered for the report show that in a half year after the quake that happened in January 1995, †Å"shares of Toyota, Honda, and Nissan dropped by 22%, 35%, and 40% respectively† (Taylor, 2011), and it took the organizations around one month over a year to recoup from the enormous annihilation and misfortune brought about by the seismic tremor. Around then, Honda and Mazda, both ended the creation of their vehicles and parts for the remainder of the week after the catastrophe, and there was lost creation of around 36,700 vehicles per day (Taylor, 2011) internationally. The writer of the article (Taylor, 2011) fu

Civil Law Negligence in Tort Law

Question: Examine about theCivil Law for Negligence in Tort Law. Answer: Presentation In the given situation, we can plainly observe that Rebecca supported serious wounds because of the careless conduct of Michelle. Michelle kept on driving her vehicle regardless of the way that she was in an intoxicated state and driving affected by liquor. In this way, Rebecca is well inside her entitlement to sue Michelle in a courtroom for the injury supported by her because of Michelles driving affected by liquor. Michelle being the driver of the vehicle owed an obligation of care towards her companion and individual traveler Rebecca which she unmistakably neglected to perform. Therefore, Michelle could be charged under the tort of carelessness and she would be at risk for the injury that has happened to Rebecca in any case. Therefore, Rebecca has the option to guarantee remuneration from Michelle for the injury and harms which has been continued by her because of the gross carelessness of Michelle (Oberdiek, 2008). Carelessness in easy terms only indicates lack of regard. Notwithstanding, in the lawful setting, the demonstration of carelessness basically indicates that there has been a disappointment with respect to an individual to practice a standard of care which the culprit as a sensible individual ought to have practiced in those conditions under which the mishap occurred. For the situation given before us, we can plainly observe that the Michelle had a lawful obligation to deal with her co-traveler Rebecca when it was sensibly foreseen that inability to play out her obligation was probably going to make injury both Michelle and Rebecca. As indicated by Winfield and Jolowicz, carelessness is characterized to be a break of obligation towards an individual which brings about a harm or mischief to the individual who was under the obligation of the individual causing the damage. At the end of the day, carelessness is viewed as the exclusion of certain governmental policy regarding minorities i n society which could be normal from a sensible man and which has not been acted in a specific circumstance in this manner bringing about appalling injury or harm to someone else (Goldberg et al. 2008). Rebecca and Michelle were two companions who went to go to a presentation called An Ever Oprah which has Oprah Winfrey. The exhibition was deferred inferable from a ticketing issue and thus both the gatherings associated with the cases had occupied with exercises like utilization of liquor at a bar close to their scene. During the hour of the exhibition, Rebecca saw the state of Michelle and understood the way that Michelle was too smashed to even consider driving her vehicle appropriately. She was distrustful and dubious about Michelles driving aptitudes however by and by acknowledged Michelles offer of driving her to her home. When Michelle began driving perilously, Rebecca advised her and solicited her twice to step out from the vehicle however she didn't react to her requests and kept on driving in an intoxicated state affected by liquor. Inevitably, her careless conduct drove her to crash the vehicle which brought about a genuine physical issue for Rebecca. Because of her careless and rash driving, Rebecca broke her leg in the subsequent mishap (Mingyi, 2010). So as to demonstrate her case before the courts, Rebecca needs to proof to demonstrate that that litigant (Michelle) was careless and was in this manner at risk for the wounds continued by Rebecca from the mishap. There are different components in regards to the tort of carelessness which Rebecca needs to demonstrate in the event that she needs to seek after her case and get remuneration from Michelle for the harms and wounds which has been continued by her from that mishap. These components are examined beneath: Obligation in Cases of carelessness the decision relies upon thought whether there was relationship of playing out an obligation towards the offended party by the defendant.The part of obligation basically emerges in light of the fact that the law considers the connection between the offended party and litigant and along these lines the court expects the respondent is committed to act in a specific way towards the offended party. The judgment is basically going to be conveyed by considering the reality whether Michelle owed an obligation of care towards Rebecca and in the event that it is learned that such an obligation exists, at that point the judgment will be conveyed in Rebeccas favor (Van Dam, 2013). Break of Duty this could be clarified as carelessness with respect to the individual for satisfying his/her obligation. A respondent is said to have the obligation in such a situation when the individual in question neglects to satisfy obligation towards the offended party. For this situation it has been seen that the litigant has been accused of break of obligation as the respondent couldn't practice care while playing out his obligation towards the offended party. The penetrate of obligation is basically dictated by a jury as an issue of truth. In the event that in the current situation, the court sees Michelle as liable of breaking her obligation towards Rebecca, she resembles to deal with indictments for tanked driving and Michelle needs to pay to Rebecca for the wounds supported in that mishap (Deakin et al. 2012). Cause in Fact This is likewise named as the yet for causation. For this situation, the offended party attempts to demonstrate that the injury would not have happened in any case had the respondent acted in increasingly capable way. It must be demonstrated in the courts that the respondent activities were exclusively answerable for the injury that have been supported by the offended party and at exactly that point can the offended party guarantee pay from the litigant for the wounds continued by her. Proximate Cause Proximate reason basically decides the extent of a respondent's duty regardless of carelessness. A respondent in a carelessness case is just answerable for those damages that the litigant could have predicted through his/her activities. On the off chance that the harms caused are past the extent of the dangers which could have been predicted, at that point the offended party would not have the option to demonstrate that the wounds continued by them were exclusively caused because of the respondents activities (Oberdiek, 2008). Harms In any carelessness case, the inability to practice sensible consideration must bring about real harms to that individual whom the litigant owed an obligation of care. This lawfully perceived mischief could be as physical injury to the offended party or harm to their property. On the off chance that Rebecca can demonstrate that she was endured genuine mischief because of the untrustworthiness of Michelle, at that point she can sue her and guarantee pay for her wounds (Lunney Oliphant, 2008). References Mingyi, Y. E. (2010). The Differentiation Between Intention and Negligence in Tort Law and Its Significance [J]. Study of Law (Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law), 4, 013. Van Dam, C. (2013). European tort law. OUP Oxford. Goldberg, J. C., Sebok, A. J., Zipursky, B. C. (2008). Tort Law: Responsibilities and Redress. Aspen Publishers. Anson, W. R., Beatson, J., Burrows, A. S., Cartwright, J. (2010). Anson's law of agreement. Oxford University Press. Deakin, S. F., Johnston, A., Markesinis, B. S. (2012). Markesinis and Deakin's tort law. Oxford University Press. Lunney, M., Oliphant, K. (2008).Tort law: content and materials. Oxford University Press. Oberdiek, J. (2008). Philosophical issues in tort law. Theory Compass, 3(4), 734-748. Swisher, P. N. (2011). Virginia Should Abolish the Archaic Tort Defense of Contributory Negligence and Adopt a Comparative Negligence Defense in Its Place. U. Rich. L. Fire up., 46, 359.

How a Man Can Boost His Self-Confidence

How a Man Can Boost His Self-Confidence Happiness Print How a Man Can Boost His Self-Confidence By Jerry Kennard Jerry Kennard, PhD, is a psychologist and associate fellow of the British Psychological Society. Learn about our editorial policy Jerry Kennard Updated on April 22, 2019 Tim Pannell / Corbis / VCG / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Self-confidence requires a positive self-image. Self-image is a kind of mental picture we all have about ourselves. One way to think about self-image is in terms of what is real and what is ideal. Many people have goals to move their real self as close to their ideal self as they can. For example, the real you stumble over your words when you meet the boss, whereas the ideal you are cool, confident, and articulate. Problems can occur when people strive too hard to fit with their ideal view of self-image and this can mean they underplay their actual characteristics. The nice guy then finds it hard to reprimand people when they under-perform and the strict guy maybe fails to listen to others and reward opinions different to their own. It can also lead to stress as the person is consciously and with some effort playing out a role. A persons self-image may be far from accurate. For example, your father may have set very high standards for you to become a professional sportsman. For whatever reason, you didnt achieve the standard and this leads you to believe you are bad at sports, despite the fact you are actually pretty good. One poor experience can even spread to other areas of your life so you start to believe you are poor at most things. Ways to Boost Self-Confidence Here are ways to boost your self-confidence: Self-image is the mental picture you have of yourself. It is not fixed, it is not objective, it can be changed and you can change it.Positive thinking is important but the way you behave is important too. Your self-image will feed off the way you behave and will affect others too. Actors know that if they have to play a sad role they quickly start to feel sad themselves. Similarly, if you speak in a measured slow tone your authority increases to those around you and you actually start to feel it in yourself.Changing behavior is often easier than changing thinking. The brain does not deal well with turning around negative thinking. For example, the moment you think, I must not be nervous is the moment you will actually start feeling more nervous. Focusing on behavior when you are nervous, such as breathing deeply and slowly and relaxing neck and shoulder muscles, will do a great deal more than ruminating on your anxiety.Breaking up big goals or tasks into smaller and more manageable c hunks can help. If you have been set a task that seems impossible, take it apart and even drill it down into hourly steps. As you achieve each step your confidence will grow and you will also achieve a sense of mastery over the issue.For some people, lack of confidence arises through having too little to do. Boredom and lack of confidence are associated. In such cases, it is important to boost energy levels by setting some goals for yourself but allowing them to be flexible enough to react to circumstances. If goals are too rigid, the first set-back will knock you off track, so build this into your planning.

Analysis Of An Android Doesn t Care - 1765 Words

â€Å"An android doesn’t care what happens to another android. That’s one of the indications we look for† (Dick 101). Rick, a human, believes this wholeheartedly. Even though we find out that Rick cares more about himself than others and androids can care about each other. This twist opens up the question, â€Å"what is it to be human?† Many think the advances in technology and science will eventually end in us losing the quality that makes us human, empathy. Empathy is discussed and used as examples throughout the book and the movie to prove that without empathy humans have lost their humanity. Extending on the issue of empathy, the animals are seen as rare and therefore used for symbolizing the human’s status of success. Most animals are extinct, and yes, they are watched over very carefully, but not out of love and compassion. What does that say about human values? This society has lost all grasp of emotion. They have become what they fear and b elieve to be heartless droids. What makes us human? Put aside the biological reasons and focus on the qualities within that make humans different from everything else in the world. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. In the book, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, the humans have a dial that controls their emotions. Whereas in the movie, Blade Runner, the humans show very little emotion or care for anything besides themselves. Specifically, the lack of empathy in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?,Show MoreRelatedHigh Level Design Architecture Of The Project1174 Words   |  5 Pagesrequirements specifications phase i.e., after the analysis phase. The iteration involves the redesign and implementation from the project control list and usually performs the analysis of the current version of the system. The main goal or the primary version of any iteration is simple, straightforward and modular. 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Drop The Bomb Essay - 656 Words

U.S. History - Grech Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan, Justified? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On August 6th and 9th of 1945 U.S. bombers dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing utter destruction and many deaths. These bombs were dropped as the Pacific battles of World War II were coming to an end. Soon after Japan surrendered, ending the war. But, was the use of atomic warfare necessary? Was it too harsh and cruel to the Japanese? The first question was whether or not to drop a bomb. The effects of atomic warfare had not been known and studied, but it was apparent that it would be a good tool in ending the war. The first bomb did appear necessary to ending the†¦show more content†¦had. That never happened. George Marshall then suggested that we warned the Japanese ahead of time to clear the military base at Hiroshima of people, but the army didn’t want the Japanese to expect the attack. Less than a month after the first test, a bomb fell on Hiroshima. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dropping an atomic bomb worked as expected. The two main goals of using atomic warfare were simple, to put a quick end to the war, saving up to a million U.S. lives, and finish off Japan before the Russians try to take over parts of the Pacific. It pretty much worked, the war ended soon after and even though the Russian declared war on the Japan, like expected, they were not able to gain to much power in the Pacific. Dropping of the first bomb on Hiroshima was the right choice of the American military. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even though it was justified to used atomic power to put an end to the war, the second bomb on Nagasaki was unnecessary. It came only three days after the first bomb hit Hiroshima. Most historians say this was not enough time for the Japanese to consider and sign a surrender. Another city was destroyed for no reason. Old documents state that Japan was ready to surrender. 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Not Waving but Drowning (Poetry Analysis) Free Essays

Not Waving But Drowning (Poetry Analysis) In the poem by Stevie Smith, Not Waving But Drowning there are a number of elements that are intriguing and to the reader. The poem is mostly spoken from a narrative point of view, but it may infer a first person perspective because it centers on a man who is apparently misunderstood by those around him, including the speaker that recalls the tragic scene. The poem paints a conflicting image of a man that has fallen to the sea because despite his efforts in seeking help, his outward appearance and his behavior betray his true desperation. We will write a custom essay sample on Not Waving but Drowning (Poetry Analysis) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not Waving But Drowning’s poetic form that is seemingly free verse, as it does not have a consistent rhythm throughout the entire poem, although it does consist of some rhyming and some element of structure: â€Å"Poor chap, he always loved larking And now he’s dead It must have been too cold for him his heart gave way, They said (Smith, 1957)†. Free verse poetry is used widely by modern poets and many seem to suggest an idea or feeling to the reader. The poem also consists of an interesting use of symbolism that may suggest an underlying subject that is being addressed. In the poem, Smith may be trying to convey personal thoughts about abandonment to the audience. This can be referred to the fact that Smith herself had a difficult past with the passing of her mother in her early adult life and that her father had left his family behind to pursue a career in sailing (Booth, 2002). The poem seems to incorporate metaphors of an ocean and how a drowning person’s callings for help may be misinterpreted for joyous hand gestures of ‘waving’. The sound and tone of the poem is serious, given that it seems to touch on the subject of death, confusion and desertion. The use of words in Stevie Smith’s Not Waving But Drowning seem to have limited use of alliteration due to its free verse structure, as this example shows: â€Å"Nobody heard him, the dead man, But still he lay moaning: I was much further out than you thought And not waving but drowning (Smith, 1957)†. Although there is a distinctive use of assonance in the poem as the words â€Å"moaning† and drowning† have similar vowel sounds. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books Booth, A. (2002). Stevie Smith. Critical Survey Of Poetry, Second Revised Edition, 1-8. How to cite Not Waving but Drowning (Poetry Analysis), Papers

Clone Embros Essay Example For Students

Clone Embros Essay #1Abstract: News of the cloned embryos immediately inflamed the debate over the ethics of human cloning. Advanced Cell Technology, a privately held company, is trying to patent its cloning technology as part oits for-profit ventures. But critics, particularly the Catholic church and anti-abortion groups, say such a business would immorally destroy thousands of human embryos.In parthenogenesis, an egg cell is treated with chemicals that cause it to start dividing into an embryo without fertilization by sperm. Advanced Cell Technology exposed 22 human eggs to those chemicals. After five days,six eggs had matured into blastocysts, a spherical structure that is a landmark in the early life of an embryo. Scientists believe embryos created this way could mature long enough to be useful in medical treatment butwould be unable to grow to term. Both the cloned and parthenogenetically produced embryos had significant shortcomings. None developed stem cells, which can grow into any type of cell or tissue of the body. Advanced Cell Technology needs stem cells to produce medical treatments for patients. (Copyright, The Times Mirror Company; Los Angeles Times 2001 Allrights reserved)Full Text: A Massachusetts company announced Sunday that it had created cloned human embryos that were able to survive for several days, raising fears that someone could produce a cloned baby and rekindling debate on whether Congress should ban the procedure. Advanced Cell Technology Inc. has no plans to produce cloned children, it said, but instead aims to use cloning to make new cells and tissues for people with diabetes, Parkinsons disease and other ailments. The research, however, remains many steps short of what would be needed to create eithera cloned baby or human tissue for medical treatment. Still, it marks the first report in a scientific journal of a successful attempt to clone human life. A Korean team claimed in 1998 that it had produced a cloned human embryo, but the research was never published orconfirmed. Michael West, chief executive of Advanced Cell Technology, said the work represented the first halting steps toward a new era of medicine in which disease would be cured by swapping a persons faulty cells and tissues for new ones. It looks like this is going to be possible, but this is obviously only a preliminary report, West said in an interview. He said his team published early results because it wanted to remain transparent about its research amid the sweeping ethical debate over cloning. The research, which required no federal approval, appears in e- biomed: The Journal of Regenerative Medicine, a relatively new online publication. Scientific findings generally do not win credibility until they are published in a journal that subjects the data to review by other researchers. William Haseltine, editor of the journal and chairman of Human Genome Sciences Inc., a leading biotechnology company, said the cloning data were scrutinized by independent scientists with the same rigor that is used at traditionaljournals.News of the cloned embryos immediately inflamed the debate over the ethics of human cloning. Advanced Cell Technology, a privately held company, is trying to patent its cloning technology as part of its for-profit ventures. But critics, particularly the Catholic church and anti-abortion groups,say such a business would immorally destroy thousands of human embryos. This corporation is creating human embryos for the sole purpose of killing them and harvesting their cells. Unless Congress acts quickly, this corporation and others will be opening human embryo farms, said Douglas Johnson of the National Right to Life Committee. Some critics say the company is hastening the arrival of cloned children, a prospect that they believe society has not fully considered or regulated. As the company continues to publish its research, these critics say, someone could eventually use it to create a cloned embryo and grow it to term in a surrogate mother.In a bipartisan vote in July, the House approved broad legislation that would criminalize cloning both as a way to produce children and as a medical tool. If the measure had already been law, West and his colleagues could be subject to jail terms of up to 10 years and $1 million in fines for the work they announced Sunday. The Senate plans to take up the measure in February or March. Cloning critics said lawmakers should move sooner. This is among the issues pushed to the back burner, or perhaps behind the stove entirely, by the events of Sept. 11, said Richard Doerflinger, an official with the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, which opposes human cloning for any purpose. The Senate has been acting as though thisis something way down the road that we can think about when were done with terrorism. . . . But this announcement is a wake-up call that we have to deal with the ethical and social and legal ramifications of cloning right away. Prospects for the legislation are unclear in the Senate. Although there is widespread support for barring the cloning of children, some senators seem uncertain whether they want to outlaw a medical technique that might save lives. Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle (D-S.D.) said Sunday that he supported cloning for research purposes. Still, he said the Advanced Cell Technology experiments were disconcerting. I think its going in the wrong direction, Daschle said on Fox News Sunday. The Senate sponsor of a broad anti-cloning measure, Sen. Sam Brownback (R-Kan.), called for Congress to swiftly pass a six-month moratorium on all human cloning until the Senate can take up the issue more fully.President Bush has criticized human cloning and praised the House ban.In its research, the Massachusetts company used two techniques to produce human embryoscloning and a second process called parthenogenesis.In traditional reproduction, genes carried in the sperm and egg co-mingle to produce an offspring that has a unique mix of its parents qualities.Both of the Advanced Cell methods, by contrast, created embryos that were genetic copies of only one parent.The company obtained egg cells from seven female volunteers. It stri pped the DNA from 19 egg cells and replaced it with genetic material from another person, also a volunteer solicited by the company. The new genetic materialcame from either a skin cell or ovarian material called a cumulus cell. Seven of the eggs began to divide and grow. These early embryos were clonesoffspring that carried genes from only one adult, the person who had donated the skin or cumulus cell. Two of them divided into four-celled embryos and one developed six cells before the growth stopped. The growth occurred over a three- day period.West said the embryos were no longer viable and had been disassembled so that their cells could be studied. In parthenogenesis, an egg cell is treated with chemicals that cause it to start dividing into an embryo without fertilization by sperm. Advanced Cell Technology exposed 22 human eggs to those chemicals. After five days, six eggs had matured into blastocysts, a spherical structure that is a landmark in the early life of an embryo. Scientists believe embryos created this way could mature long enough to be useful in medical treatment but would be unable to grow to term. Both the cloned and parthenogenetically produced embryos had significant shortcomings. None developed stem cells, which can grow into any type of cell or tissue of the body. Advanced Cell Technology needs stem cells to produce medical treatments for patients. A wide array of researchers is trying to understand how stem cells grow into other cell types, such as insulin-producing cells for diabetics.Researchers may face a significant hurdle even if they can produce tissues from stem cells for human transplant. The patients might reject the newtissue as a foreign substance. Advanced Cell Technology and a small group of other private companies say cloning could produce tissues that match the genetic makeup of individual patients. This tissue might be more readily accepted by the patients body.Our dream is that someday we could take a patients cell, skin cell,and give them back anything that they needed to cure disease, West said Sunday on NBCs Meet the Press.Some critics said Advanced Cell Technologys work, so far, is a failure,not a triumph. It seems that if you take eggs and dont develop them beyondthree days, they dont have success, said Alexander Capron, a USC professorof law and medicine. He said the experiments also failed to show that cloned human embryos are free of genetic defects, a point that the company itself acknowledged. Caption: PHOTO: Our intention is not to create cloned human beings, wrote Dr. Robert Lanza, a researcher with Advanced Cell Technology.; PHOTOGRAPHER:ReutersCredit: TIMES STAFF WRITERReproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without permission. =============================== End of Document ================================The following article has been sent by a user at SANTA BARBARA CITY COLLEGE via Proquest, an information service of the ProQuest CompanyThe First Clone ; Scientists have finally cloned a human embryo. The breakthroughpromises cures for terrible diseases. Heres the inside story:#2Abstract:Robert Lanza, Michael West, and Jose Cibelli have finally cloned a human embryo, and many claim that this scientific breakthrough could produce cures for diseases like diabetes and for the ravages of aging. Lanza, West, and Cibelli are profiled, and their belief in human therapeutic cloning is discussed. Copyright U.S. News and World Report Dec 3, 2001Full Text: Physically, Judson Somerville didnt feel a thing. When he took the cigar-cutter-like tool and clipped a chunk of skin cells from his right calf last April, there was no pain. The 40-year-old Texas physician hasbeen using a wheelchair for years, paralyzed from the chest down, the result of a terrible cycling accident. But emotionally, that was another story. Cutting the skin from his calf, Somerville says, he felt the thrill ofbeing a sort of astronaut, a pioneer. By donating his skin cells, Somerville was volunteering for nothing less than service on the frontier of human cloning. Somerville did not make the decision lightly. As a conservative Republican, a longtime contributor to President Bush, Somerville knows how controversial cloning is for many of his political compatriots. Buthe is also a devout Episcopalian. After consulting with his church leaders, Somerville concluded that being one of the first humans to be clonednot to produce a baby, which he would never do, but to create healthy new cells for ailing patientswould be one of the best things he could do for his fellow man. His decision wasnt completely selfless, however. Neurons derived from his own cloned embryo could end Somervilles paralysis. My 14-year- old daughter doesnt want me getting her wedding gown caught up in my wheelchair, he says, laughing. So when the day comes, shes counting on me walking her down the aisle. Now, Somerville may be a step closer to that walk, and humanity is moving into uncharted medical and ethical territory. Since the 1997 announcement of the cloned sheep Dolly, scientists around the world have been trying to duplicate and advance the work in a variety of species from mice to monkeys. Some have succeeded, but many more have been thwarted in their efforts. A few researchers had even set out to clone humans, without success. But this week, scientists at Advanced Cell Technology, a small biotechstart-up company in Worcester, Mass., are announcing that they have done just thatsuccessfully engineered the worlds first cloned human embryo. ACT is the only laboratory on U.S. soil that has acknowledged working on human therapeutic cloning. But other than being called to testify before Congress on these issues, the companys leadership and its scientists have not publicly elaborated on their human-cloning effortsuntil now. Over the past 18 months, U.S. News has reported from inside the ACT laboratory, with exclusive access to the cloning scientists and their laboratory work. In a highly technical paper in the Journal of Regenerative Medicine, the sci entists now describe their laboratory successthe transfer of human DNA into human eggs and the growth of those eggs into six-cell embryos. What that scientific paper doesnt describe, and what U.S. News documents here, is what went on in the hearts and minds of the people behind this achievement and the many setbacks and adjustments that preceded the final success. The accomplishment presents huge challenges to every premise of scientific, religious, and legal thought. Given the intensity of last summers national debate over human embryonic stem cell research, ACTs work is sure to become a lightning rod for conservative critics when the issue is taken up again in the months ahead. It will be condemned as an ethical abomination akin to playing God and described as the creation of embryos for spare parts. It will also be hailed as the hugest medical breakthrough of the past halfcenturyan accomplishment that could cure many diseases of aging and provides hope for people like Somerville. The story of ACTs breakthrough is largely the story of three men, from very different backgrounds, who came together to stake their scientific careers on this controversial enterprise. Heres how, against the odds,they pushed the world into the age of cloning: The instigator Jose Cibellis ambitions started out simply enough. Raised on the Pampas of Argentina, the talented young researcher just wanted to do something for the farmers. So after obtaining his degree in veterinary medicine, he married his high school sweetheart and headed to the University of Massachusetts-Amherstto get his Ph.D. There he quickly became a star student in the lab of James Robl, who was doing work on so-called transgenic animalscattle, for example, with improved genetic properties that yield higher-quality meat or milk. By the summer of 1996, Cibelli was on the fast track to becoming a majorplayer in agricultural genetics. But a Massachusetts Institute of Technology conference on cell therapies changed his life. Researchers there were presenting disappointing results in an experimental technique to cure Parkinsons disease in humans. Young, healthy fetal cells were injected into the damaged parts of patients brains. But little long-term improvement had been seen. In the car on his way home that evening, Cibelli could not shake a nagging thought: Of course the cells didnt work so well. They werent the patients own cells. Working under Robl, Cibelli had already joined Advanced Cell Technology to focus on cloning prime specimens of cattle. If you could reproduce a cows cells, Cibelli reasoned, you could use the same method to endlessly multiply a given patients cells to replace any of those in the body that were worn out or diseased. In an instant, Cibelli saw the future of medicine. Therapeutic cloning for humansbecame his calling.There were obstacles, though. One was the scarcity of human eggs from women willing to donate them for experiments. But, Cibelli surmised, if you removed the DNA from a more readily available egg say, from a cowsit might be possible that the proteins and enzymes left would be the sameones that rejuvenate and multiply cells in humans. To find out, he scraped cells from the inside of his cheek. He grew the cells in a culture, then inserted their DNA into a cow egg that had been rid of its bovine genetic code. Most researchers were skeptical. Cibelli had his own doubts, too. But so often, people give up and declare something impossible after 800 tries, he says. When on the 900th try they would have figured out how to make it work. Cibelli kept at it. After implanting cow eggs with his own DNA over and over again, he and Robl were about to toss yet another petri dish full of failed cloning attempts when they spied a rudimentary embryo. It was a round ball containing a cluster of stem cells, the primordial body cells that are capable of becoming skin, liver, nervesand every other cell in the body. The news spread fast in the biomedical community. Cibelli couldnt reproduce the results, and he abandoned the use of cow eggs as a dead end. But the feat captured the attention of the man who would play a key role in making Cibellis dream a reality. The visionary Michael West by his own admission, is an absolute obsessive- compulsivewho views life as a mission. A self-described political conservative, he was in his early years a creationist, and he trained as a paleontologist with the goal of proving the Bibles account of Gods design. But as hestudied the fossil record, instead of finding Gods divine plan, he found an endless account of disease and suffering. Out of that bleak vision he developed a new spiritual fervor: If God is about love and life, he says now, then we should do everything we can to end suffering and death. So in his early 20s, West knew his holy grail: to conquer aging and deatha goal so stunning in its scope that many colleagues over the years have discounted him as a quixotic dreamer. When I talk about ending aging, Im not talking about some vain fountain of youth, he explains. Im talking about ending the suffering of aging: macular degeneration, cancer, Alzheimers, heart disease. After getting his Ph.D. i n biology, West enrolled in medical school but was too impatient with the establishment to finish. Instead, he reincorporated his late fathers truck-leasing business as a biotech firm called Geron (Greek for old man), committed to ending the ravages of aging. Enchantedby findings that each body cell has an ever shortening fuse called a telomere that signals a cell to age and die, West poured all his energies into finding a way to keep extending the fuse to give a cell endless life. It took seven years, but his company did eventually identify telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes telomeres. (And he ended up marrying the Geron scientist who cloned the gene for telomerase.) Telomerase alone proved not to be enough to reverse aging, and West became fascinated with work on newly discovered stem cells. West immediately recognized that stem cells had the potential to rejuvenate aging bodies, and he quickly began funding scientists who ended up isolating the firsthuman stem c ells. But a s Geron grew, its board became more and more uneasy with Wests controversial interests, and West despaired at the companys lack of support for his vision. In early 1998, he left the company he had founded and lost access to the intellectual property he had created on telomerase and humanstem cells. It wasnt long, though, before West caught wind of Cibellis cloning feats, and he immediately seized on the concept as one far superior to producing generic stem cells. (Generic stem cells, derived from humanembryos, are the kind that President Bush agonized so publicly over last summer before deciding to fund limited research on the cells.) But, West wondered, why would you treat patients with cells from an embryo donated from an in vitro fertilization clinic with another persons cellswhen you could give patients their very own cells? In a flash, West was in talks with Advanced Cell Technologyat that time an agricultural genetics companyand within the year became CEO, then owner of the v enture. Both Cibelli and West knew from the start that they would need to race to form useful therapies before controversy overshadowed their efforts. Because no new treatments can be given to humans without first being tested in animals, Cibelli and West needed someone with connections in the researchworld who could get those studies up and running right away. As it turned out, that person was working just a mile or so down the road. The activist Robert Lanza is the living embodiment of the character played by Matt Damon in the movie Good Will Hunting. Growing up underprivileged in Stoughton, Mass., south of Boston, the young preteen caught the attention of Harvard Medical School researchers when he showed up on the university steps having successfully altered the genetics of chickens in his basement. Over the next decade, he was to be discovered and taken under the wing of scientific giants such as psychologist B. F. Skinner, immunologist Jonas Salk, and heart transplant pioneer Christia an Barnard. His mentors described himas a genius, a renegade thinker, even likening him to Einstein. With a gift for enticing the worlds top inds, Lanza managed as a medical student to extract essays from the likes of C. Everett Koop, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, and Linus Pauling, which he compiled into a book sounding warning bells about the declining chances for health and survival of the species over the coming century. Lanza focused his laserlike intellect on transplant medicine and tissue engineering. For 20 years, he worked to cure diseases such as diabetes and leukemia through infusions of new cells and organs from donors. But for 20 years, I hit my head against the same thing over and over againrejection, rejection, rejection, says Lanza. Using strong drugs to prevent patients immune systems from attacking the foreign cells, Lanza says, the cure wasoften worse than the disease. Even with the drugs, I watched too many children have first their fingers amputated, then their hands, then their arms. When Lanza discovered that it might be possible to clone a patients own cells, he felt that he finally had the solution hed spent decades searching for, and in March 1999 he signed on as Advanced Cell Technologys director of medical research. Integrity EssayBUT that first step would inevitably lead to a second and a third, raising questions about who else should be granted permission to clone. Single mothers? Old people? Gay people? Professor Robertsons plan is to deal with that later, but another ethicist, Prof. Gregory Pence of the University of Alabama, would open the door to everyone.As far as I can see, Professor Pence said, there is absolutely noConstitutional basis for the government to tell you how you can originate children. If you decide to replicate Uncle Harry because he was brilliant and funny and lived until 90, I dont see why somebody shouldnt be able to do it as long as its safe. That view, however, is unlikely to hold sway with Congress. In July, the House of Representatives approved, by a broad margin, a bill that would make any type of cloning, including so-called therapeutic cloning for research, a crime. President Bush supports the bill, and as the Senate prepares to consider it, the biotechnology i ndustry has come out against human cloning, apparently calculating that in doing so, it can preserve its research. At least one senator thinks this strategy will work. I predict that Congresswill ban reproductive cloning, and Im all for it, Tom Harkin, Democrat of Iowa, said. If senators felt comfortable that there was a good solid iron door against reproductive cloning, then I believe you will open the door for scientists to move ahead with these therapies. In any case, not many people really want to clone Uncle Harry, or even themselves. Pamela Madsen, executive director of the American Infertility Association, a patient advocacy group, said most couples prefer that magic mix of him and her even if the mix comes from donated egg or sperm. And for those who are not infertile, having babies is simply more fun, and cheaper, the old-fashioned way. Ms. Madsens group has issued a statement opposing human cloning, not for philosophical reasons, but on the groundthat it is not safe. But she wonders if, decades from now, those looking back on all the noise and passion of the cloning controversy will find it all silly. Ever since I have been a child, what was considered impossible or immoral or unimaginable by some has become a part of regular life, she said. Think about when we first started to do blood transfusions, or organ transplants and, yes, Louise Brown the first baby born by in-vitro fertilization. Every time we have made a leap that has benefited mankind, it has always been with a loud voice behind us saying, Youd better watch out. Captioned as: Girls using a mirror to perfect their form in a dance class in a poor Rio de Janeiro neighborhood. (Associated Press) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without permission. =============================== End of Document ================================The following article has been sent by a user at SANTA BARBARA CITY COLLEGE via Proquest, an information service of the ProQuest CompanyHuman-Cloning Firm Received Federal Aid; Biotechnology: A $1.8- milliongrant awarded before disclosure of the controversial research. Home EditionThe Los Angeles Times# 5SEE CORRECTION APPENDED; Biotech companiesA story in Thursdays Business misstated the size of ImClone Systems potential stake in Advanced Cell Technology, which resulted in an erroneous estimate of Advanced Cells market value. ImClone may convert its $1-million investment for an equity stake of just more than 3%. That would give Advanced Cell a market capitalizationof about $30.7 million. The story also misidentified Miller Quarles. The retired Texas oilman was an early investor in Advanced Cell but does notown a controlling stake. Under Michael Wests leadership, the company has pushed itself to the forefront of human cloning. But animal cloning remains its chief businessthough it has produced little, if any, profit. Advanced Cell made a considerable investment in the business this year when it acquired a Pennsylvania dairy breeding company. But dairy farmers are a tough sell; they want betteranimals, not clones, said John Meyer, chief executive of the Holstein Assn. USA. What Advanced Cell may lack in business success it has in media savvy. It assured itself a splash with its human cloning experiment by simultaneously publishing an West and his co-authors on the Scientific American piece called their own account in Scientific American and granting an exclusive to U.S. News and World Report. To be sure no one missed the significance,work the dawn of a new age in medicine that showed therapeutic cloningis within reach.Advanced Cell said it isnt interested in helping couples clone offspring. The firm said it cre ated clones to extract stem cells, which can turn into any type of tissue and can be used to treat diseases such as diabetes. In Scientific American, however, West and his co-authors left the door to reproductive cloning ajar, a decision likely to inflame controversy. Due to potential health risks, they wrote, reproductive cloning is unwarranted at this time and should be restricted until the safety and ethical issuessurrounding it are resolved.(Copyright, The Times Mirror Company; Los Angeles Times 2001 Allrightsreserved)Full Text:SEE CORRECTION APPENDED; Biotech companiesA story in Thursdays Businessmisstated the size of ImClone Systems potential stake in Advanced Cell Technology, which resulted in an erroneous estimate of Advanced Cells market value. ImClone may convert its $1-million investment for an equity stake of just more than 3%. That would give Advanced Cell a market capitalizationof about $30.7 million. The story also misidentified Miller Quarles. The retired Texas oilma n was an early investor in Advanced Cell but does not own a controlling stake. The Massachusetts company condemned by the Bush administration for its efforts to clone a human embryo received a federal grant last month to conduct biotechnology research. Advanced Cell Technologys human cloning experiments set off a national controversy this week that is renewing demands that Congress ban all cloning of human cells. But before the cloning experiment was disclosed, the company was awarded $1.8 million under a Commerce Department program intended to accelerate research and development in private companies, said Michael Baum, a CommerceDepartment spokesman. The company said Wednesday that the grant would not be used for any human cloning research. Rather, the money is to fund experiments into reprogramming adult human cells in an effort to develop therapies for diseases. Both the adult cell research and the human cloning experiments are part of an effort by the companywhose main revenue source has been cloning cowsto break into the business of disease therapy. Thus, the federal funding represents an important capital infusion for the small company. But researchers and industry officials say administering such grants and keeping salaries, equipment and other expenses separate is a difficult accounting chore. It is one reason some universities that receive federal funds have moved embryonic research off campus, avoiding any potential for conflicts with allowable work under such grants. The Commerce Department issued the grant under its Advanced Technology Program. Baum said the terms of the grant specifically forbid the company from using the federal money to conduct research on human cloning. We have audit procedures in place to make sure that doesnt happen, Baum said. The biotechnology start-up reignited a furor over cloning this week when an online science journal published an account of the companys experiment. The article in e-Biomed: The Journal of Regenerative Medicine said that the company created only a few clones, that all died and none consistedof more than six cells. President Bush condemned the experiment and Sen. Sam Brownback, a Kansas Republican, vowed to push for a six-month ban on human cloning while lawmakes consider legislation calling for a total ban. The House passed legislation banning human cloning in July, but it moved to the back burner after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. As a privately held company, Advanced Cell has disclosed little about its finances. According to information posted on its Internet site, it has $6 million available for agricultural research. Also, the company disclosed in 1997 a five-year, $10-million collaboration with Genzyme Transgenics, a biotechnology company. But within the last six months, Advanced Cell sold a New York biotechnology company about a 7% stake for $1 million. The deal with ImClone Systems, which includes a research collaboration, gives Advanced Cell an estimated market value of $14.3 million.ImClone Chief Executive Sam Waskal said Advanced Cell, like many start-ups, sold ImClone convertible preferred stock because it needed investment capital. This is significant to them, he said. Advanced Cell wouldnt comment on its finances. Michael West, president and chief executive, was in meetings and not available, a spokeswoman said. A vice president said he could not provide details, but reiterated that only private funds from venture capitalists and individual investors are used to support human cloning projects.There were no research grants at all on this, obviously, said Dr. Robert Lanza, vice president for medical and scientific development. Details of the federal grant are posted on the Internet sites of the Commerce Department and Advanced Cell, but have attracted little notice.Founded in 1994, Advanced Cell is a spinoff of a chicken-breeding operation called Avian Farms. The company had hoped to bioengineer chickens using cloning techniques developed at the University of Massachusetts. West, who joined Advanced Cell in 1998, and New York venture capitalist iller Quarles took control of the company last year, after a Boston bank initiated foreclosure proceedings against some Avian Farms properties tocollect a $3-million debt. Terms of the transaction werent disclosed. Under Wests leadership, the company has pushed itself to the forefront of human cloning. But animal cloning remains its chief businessthough it has produced little, if any, profit. Advanced Cell made a considerable investment in the business this year when it acquired a Pennsylvania dairy breeding company. But dairy farmers are a tough sell; they want betteranimals, not clones, said John Meyer, chief executive of the Holstein Assn. USA. What Advanced Cell may lack in business success it has in media savvy. It assured itself a splash with its human cloning experiment by simultaneouslypublishing an account in Scientific American and granting an exclusive to U.S. News and World Report. To be sure no one missed the significance, West and his co-authors on the Scientific American piece called their own work the dawn of a new age in medicine that showed therapeutic cloning is within reach. In the days since, Advanced Cell executives have made the rounds of morning talk shows and media eve nts. According to his assistant, West has been booked solid for three daysraising questions among people in the scientific community as to whether the company hopes to use the publicity to attract investors. Advanced Cell said it isnt interested in helping couples clone offspring. The firm said it created clones to extract stem cells, which can turn into any type of tissue and can be used to treat diseases such as diabetes. In Scientific American, however, West and his co-authors left the door to reproductive cloning ajar, a decision likely to inflame controversy. Due to potential health risks, they wrote, reproductive cloning is unwarranted at this time and should be restricted until the safety and ethical issues surrounding it are resolved. Research to be covered by the federal grant takes Advanced Cell down another scientific path. The company proposes to reprogram an adult cell, such as a skin cell, into a functioning nerve cell. That cell could be used to treat such ailments as Parkinsons disease, in which cells in the brain do not produce enough of the key neurological chemical dopamine. Baum, of the governments Advanced Technology Program, said the company hopes to transform the cells by dousing them with chemicals in a process that does not involve cloning or the use of embryonic stem cell tissue,which, with limited exceptions, also is under a federal funding ban. Other companies and institutions are racing to understand how cells program themselves, so they can produce cell therapies without using embryos. Message No: 94915=============================== End of Document ================================#7Abstract:For Advanced Cell Technology, these uncertainties loom large. The company is betting that it can perfect human cloning, creating embryos not for reproductive purposes but as a source of stem cells. Human embryonic stem cells could, in theory, grow into any of the bodys tissues and organs, and the company wants to provide them as replacement cells to patients suffering from any of a wide variety of diseases. The company tried to clone with two types of adult cells: skin cells and cumulus cells, which are cells that cling to human eggs. The researchers added skin cells to 11 eggs; none divided even once. They added cumulus cells to eight eggs; three divided once or twice, the others not at all. Stem cells appear only after an embryo grows for about five days and, more important, forms a blastocyst, a sphere of cells with a ball of stem cells inside it. The Advanced Cell Technology embryos that were created by cloningwere not even close to that developmental stage. Copyright New York Times Company Nov 27, 2001Full Text:When Advanced Cell Technology, a small biotechnology company in Worcester, Mass., announced on Sunday that it had taken the first steps in producing human embryos through cloning, it could not report lasting success; allthe embryos it created had died. It could not even report that it had used groundbreaking techniques; itsmethods had already been used in animals. Some scientists even suggested that what the company was doing was notcloning at all. But if there is a future in human cloning, either for reproductive purposes or to create cell lines for use in treating diseases, people may one day say it started in Worcester. Despite the storm of protest that the companys announcement has provoked, that would be just fine with Advanced Cell Technology. Its president, Dr. Michael D. West, says the company feels pressure to keep the world informedabout what it is doing in so controversial a field. But he concedes that the desire to be the first to claim to have created a human embryo by cloning was a factor in the companys decision to publish its results so far. Whatever the scientific significance of Dr. Wests announcement, its political significance was profound. President Bush denounced the work as immoral, and there were loud calls for Congress to outlaw it. Page A12.Shadowing the raging dispute on whether such work should be outlawed is a major scientific question: Is the human-cloning attempt a milestone or a forgettable blunder? The answer, cloning experts say, is that it is impossibleto know. ork with animals has shown that cloning is something of an art. There are no rules or formulas. Success, when it comes, can be unpredictable and nearly inexplicable. It could be that human cloning is extraordinarily difficult and that it will take years and thousands of attempts to make it work. Or it could be that a simple change in the laboratory procedure will turn failure into success. That has been the experience of scientists who work at cloning animals. For Advanced Cell Technology, these uncertainties loom large. The company is betting that it can perfect human cloning, creating embryos not for reproductive purposes but as a source of stem cells. Human embryonic stem cells could, in theory, grow into any of the bodys tissues and organs, and the company wants to provide them as replacement cells to patientssuffering from any of a wide variety of disease s. The small company has a track record of achievement in the world of cloning animals; some of the leading cloning researchers are on its payroll. But it also has a track record of astute dealings with the news media. In interviews, Dr. West acknowledged that scientists for the company had published their results in a little-known online publication E-biomed: The Journal of Regenerative Medicine because E-biomed had agreed to arrange for distribution to coincide with articles in Scientific Americanand U.S. News and World Report. Like many other small biotechnology concerns, privately held Advanced CellTechnology attracts investors with promise, not profits. And though Dr. West said the company had just completed a round of fund-raising, he noted that it would have continuing needs for money to finance its work. Were going to require hundreds of millions in investments, he said, before we become profitable. In the work reported on Sunday, the companys scientists, led by Dr. Jose Cibel li, used a standard technique that involves taking the genetic material out of an unfertilized egg and inserting in its place the DNA of an adult cell. In theory, the egg then uses the genes from the adult cell to direct its development, turning into an embryo that is an exact genetic copy ofthe donor of the adult cell. The company tried to clone with two types of adult cells: skin cells and cumulus cells, which are cells that cling to human eggs. The researchers added skin cells to 11 eggs; none divided even once. They added cumulus cells to eight eggs; three divided once or twice, the others not at all. Stem cells appear only after an embryo grows for about five days and, more important, forms a blastocyst, a sphere of cells with a ball of stem cells inside it. The Advanced Cell Technology embryos that were created by cloning were not even close to that developmental stage. Dr. Ronald M. Green, a Dartmouth professor who heads the companys ethics board, says he prefers not even referring to the cells as embryos. He would like to call them cleaving eggs, he said. In fact, scientists say, eggs can divide a few times without making any use of their genes, so the fact that a few eggs divided a few times does not at all mean that the goal of the experiment to add a new set of functioning genes to an egg was even close. But cloning failures can suddenly turn to successes, as those who have cloned other species attest. That was the experience of Dr. Randall Prather, a cloning expert at the University of Missouri, in years of efforts to clone pigs. Over and over again, Dr. Prather would start the cloning process, and then the cells, like those in the Advanced Cell Technology study, would simply die. Now he and others can clone pigs, but he does not know which changes in his laboratory procedures made the difference. All he can say, Dr. Prather remarked, is, Yeah, now it works.Cloning also depends on scientists having a delicate touch, experts said. One scientist now with Advanced Cell Technology, Dr. Tony Perry, who worked on mouse cloning experiments at the University of Hawaii, said it tookendless hours of practice to do the careful manipulations of microscopic cells involved in cloning. Some people develop a feel for the work, while others, no matter how hard they try, are never very good. It requires a kind of eye-hand coordination and constant practice, Dr. Perry said, recalling months of practice, seven days a week, 10 hours a day. If you lapse in your practice for two weeks, he said, you dont return to point zero, but youre a little bit rusty. There are also puzzling and unpredictable differences between species. Dr. Ryuzo Yanagimachi, who cloned the mice with Dr. Teruhik o Wakayama, also now with Advanced Cell Technology, said about 2 to 3 percent of effortsto clone cattle resulted in the birth of a live animal. Most of the rest die very early: only about 20 percent of the embryo clones make it to the blastocyst stage. With mice, Dr. Yanagimachi said, about 50 to 60 percent of the embryo clones make it to the blastocyst stage. But even more die afterward. In the end, he said, the same percentage of mouse cloning attempts succeed as cattlecloning attempWords/ Pages : 11,058 / 24

Educational Issues in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Introduction Education is one of the key pillars for the development of modern Saudi Arabia. The benefits of modern education in this kingdom are wide spread. Education touches every aspect of life in this society and thus not only part of the kingdoms socio-economic activities but also a tool for enlightenment as well as a means to globalization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Issues in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Efforts to modernize education to cater for the current and expanding needs of the Kingdom began in 1953 and have continued to the present day. These efforts saw the establishment and expansion of public education through development of education institutions such as schools, colleges and other forms of tertiary education institutions. The efforts also saw the reconstruction of the national curriculum as part of the Kingdom’s national development pla ns. The Saudi national curriculum is highly religious. It borrows heavily from Islam. Not only is the curriculum content shaped by Islam but also requires student to spend most of the times learning and reciting Quran. Thus the education has promoted Islam over other religions and as such has led the educational system to be criticized as a system that does not tolerate other religions. There have been fairly commendable attempts at promoting gender equality in the provision of education opportunities. The royal family and the government have required that both men and women be given equal opportunities in education. However this has faced several challenges. This is because the conservative culture overtly grants more advantages to men than women as well as limiting the opportunities for socialization between men and women. The kingdom also has an assessment criterion that needs massive improvements to ensure that the Saudi children acquire the necessary skills and knowledge as wel l as make them globally competitive, while promoting science and technology. Furthermore education in this kingdom is purposed to produce Shariah compliant professionals. Therefore the outcome of education in Saudi Arabia is influenced by social-political as well as economic factors.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Education system in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia The kingdom has a centralized education system that was established way back in 1925. Modernization of the system did not begin until after 1953. Improvements have continued even in present times both at the infrastructural level as well as curriculum levels. In 1958, the kingdom joined other members of the Arab League in adopting and implements a similar education system. The system consists of a three year intermediate level of education which is sandwiched between a 6 year elementary level and a three year tertiary level. T he system is based on the philosophy of providing well informed human labor for the kingdom needs as well as being part of national and economic development. Following the adoption of that system by the Arab League the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia established an education system that has the following levels. There is a pre-elementary level of education which prepares both boys and girls between the ages of four to five years to join the elementary level of education. The elementary level is as six year course that enrolls children at the age of six years. Education at this level is mandatory for both boys and girls and is taken to be the prerequisite for the development of the entire educational program. Each of the school year at this level consists of two semesters. Every semester is made up of seventeen weeks which includes a two weeks of examinations. Each school day has six lessons, termed as classes, 45 minutes each. Suffice to say that boys and girls at this level are enrolled in different schools. The intermediate level enrolls boy and girls after the elementary level. It is very similar to the elementary level in terms of the number of classes per week as well as the duration of the two semester year. English is taken as a compulsory subject at this level. Students have to write an exam at the end of the three years to attain the Intermediate School Certificate. This certificate becomes a requirement to enroll in any type of secondary school (Saudi Arabia Cultural Mission n.d.) Secondary education is categorized in two forms. Regular secondary school enrolls children between 15 and 19 years of age. During the first year of secondary school students take general a studies curriculum. For the remaining two years students have to choose either natural studies, religious instructions that involve Islam and Quranic studies, or administration and social sciences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Issues in the Kingdom of Saudi A rabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Natural sciences are a preserve of student who maintains good grades in math’s and sciences. The school year consists of 2, twenty two weeks semesters which include two weeks of exam. Classes per week vary from 26 to 33 each week. Vocational and technical secondary school was set up to cater for Saudi Arabian vocation and technical human resource needs. The school prepares student in agricultural, commercial or industrial training. The purpose of this school is to equip the Saudian student with the relevant technological skills, and thus make them keep up with the global technological development (Saudi Arabia Cultural Mission n.d.). The figure below shows a map of the Saudi Arabia educational system Source: Saudi Arabia Cultural Mission The Saudian higher education consists of colleges and universities that offer degree course to this wishing to pursue education past the secondary school level. Universities, and colleges offer bachelors degrees, masters as well as doctoral Courses. This level of education is for the evaluation of the kingdom’s national as well as economic development plans. It is the greatest resource in that is used in realizing the potential of the Saudi people (Saudi Arabia Cultural Mission n.d.). The kingdom education system also has provision for special education. It caters fro students with special needs as well as marginalized groups.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such students with disabilities like blindness, deafness or any other physical or mental disability are catered for as the ministry of education established special schools to cater for them. There are also consistent efforts to expand educational facilities to cater for adult leaders as well as there education of the girl child (Saudi Arabia Cultural Mission n.d.). Education and religion Islam is the heart of Saudi Arabian education system. As such the Islam teaching forms the basis of the education system. The system has set time every week where students have to study the holy teachings from Quran as well as the Islamic traditional customs. Islam theocracy is studied from elementary level of education up to the higher education level and is compulsory. Students are expected to not only tot memorize the Quran Holy Scriptures but also apply them to every day life. Therefore religion becomes part of the wider education and its influences views in all subjects studied in school such as psychology, economic, languages and others (State University n.d.). The aim of the Saudi education system is to produce Shariah compliant professional who will provide expertise to serve the kingdoms deeply Islamic community (Rugh 1973). Saudi Arabia sees Islam as part of its national identity. It has thus adopted very conservative Muslim philosophies to form its culture. Education, being heavily religious has not been spared. To teach Islam in school the Saudi ministry of education has thus published books that are to be used in Saudi public schools. It has been found out that such text books contain conservative Islamic doctrinal messages and the books are intentionally released for use in public schools. A research conducted to evaluate the content of text books used in Saudi Arabian school reveals that the education system is propagating slam as the only true religion while declaring other religions as false and enemies to Islam. Such text books propagate the Wahhabism, a ver y conservative Islam doctrine, which is introduced at the elementary level of education and reinforced through the subsequent levels of education (Center for Religious Freedom of Hudson Institute 2008). Messages contained in Saudi Arabian public schools text books A survey on education materials used in Saudi Arabian schools returned worrying findings. It has been revealed that text books used in public schools contain messages that may lead to the promotion of hatred and conflict amongst Saudi Arabian students and people of other faiths. The Wahhabi doctrine taught in Saudi Arabian schools explain that the Shiites and Sufi Muslims are polytheist while some textbook have termed the Sunni Islam as a bad religion. The Wahhabi doctrine goes further to teach Saudi children that Islam must be interpreted as literally as possible and should thus be practiced in it original form. As such, any one who only sees Islam as only theoretical is an unbeliever. Concerning Christians and Jews, the Wahhabi doctrine terms them as infidels and as such do not deserve to be befriended. It sees Jews and Christians as enemies of the true faith who must be changed and fought at all times. The Saudi children are also taught that the conflict between Muslim will always continue and Islam will eventually win as it is the religion of truth and righteousness. The text books also calls the Saudi children to holy war to protect Islam (Center for Religious Freedom of Hudson Institute 2008). Center for Religious Freedom of Hudson Institute (2008) concludes that the idea of teaching religion to school children is a noble idea and has been in practice in many parts of the world. So the kingdom of Saudi Arabia cannot be faulted on wanting to teach religion in schools. However, out of zeal to teach Islam, the ministry has gone over board. Religion should be taught for spiritual enlightenment and nourishment. However, religious curriculum is going against such benefits. The country’s deeply religious instruction seems to be promoting conflict and intolerance amongst various religions. It also abhors any form of pluralism. The text books promote violence against other religions and as such do not respect the basic human right to freedom of worship. This is in contravention with the UN charter on human rights as well as the kingdoms international responsibilities and obligations towards promotion of peace and tolerance among the citizens of the world. As a result the Saudi Arabian ministry of education has been prevailed upon to recall such text book from use. However as at the year 2008, there had been vey little effort by the said ministry to either recall or review such message contained in such text books. Education and gender The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been one of the conservative Muslim countries that have seen the need to provide equal education opportunities for both boys and girls. Women in many communities in the world have been discriminated when it come s to education opportunities. In that case the Saudi Arabian government sought to guarantee that the girl child has equal opportunities as the boy child at all level of education. As such consistent efforts have been made to educate the Saudi woman. The result is an almost equal enrollment in the numbers of boys and girls. The figure below reflects the success of the attempts to educate the girl child in Saudi Arabia. Source: Saudi Arabia Cultural Mission However certain issues still needs to be addressed in relation to education and gender. There is evidence of gender segregation and discrimination in the kingdoms education system. The education of the woman in Saudi Arabia is still facing opposition from religiously conservative quarters despite the fact that the government started supporting the education of the girl child from the 1960s. Women education has been treated separately from boy child education. As such, the ministry of education formed the General Presidency for Gir l’s Education. This board was mandated with the responsibility to ensure that girls were only exposed to the type of education that was suited for them. Women in Saudi Arabia are still restricted to physical sciences such architecture, mathematics, engineering, physics, computer sciences among others. The board stated that the girls child should be taught home economics as well as languages and history. The heavily Wahhabi-doctrine-influenced education curriculum in Saudi Arabia has stipulated gender roles as well as the relationship between boys and girls. Girls are taught basic home skills such as home economics and how to take care of their children. Furthermore girls from an early age are taught how to behave towards their husbands. Some of the text book suggests that women are not to speak before a man and that wives must totally submit to heir husband at all times. Furthermore women are not encouraged to be alone with men whom they are not very closely related to as thi s may lead to inordinate relationships. Such close contact is discouraged by the education as away of countering sin (Doumato and Posusney 2003). Moreover, the education system in respect to the Wahhabi doctrine of limiting the contact between men and women has offered separate school for boys and girls (Sedgwick 2001). However such conservative approach has faced criticism and reproach from within and without the kingdom. Al-Hariri (1987) argues that such conservatism is just an ancient custom that has no Islamic roots and that it reduces a woman to a second class citizen of the world whose only place is to be a slave to man. Prophet Mohamed as Al-Hariri (1987) explains taught that men and women are equal before Allah and that they are â€Å"Complementary to each other.† As such they should have equal opportunities and therefore need to be educated equal opportunities that do not portray any form of gender bias. Furthermore, the same teachings regarding public decorum and dr essing for women should also be taught to men. Such criticism together with the growth of privately owned schools has had a great influence on the nature of education. These schools have opened their doors to offer the same curriculum and subject to both boys and girls. Girls are allowed to take all subjects including sciences provided they pass entry examinations. The curriculum in these private schools is also influenced by secular education and as such religion is not necessarily compulsory. Therefore the influence of secularism is not only being felt in the education sector but n the Saudian society. More women educated in these private schools are slowly violating the way a woman behaved in the traditional Saudian community. These women have adopted a more liberal disposition. There is an emergence of a class of women, the alumni of private schools, seen in affluent districts with bold dress codes that among other things do not cover their faces; covering of the face by women i s a requirement of the traditional Saudian culture. Furthermore, the schools also mixed. The opening up of the education opportunities is however a preserve of the rich. This is because private schools that offer such opportunities are very expensive and thus only the rich can afford. The poor majority are still stuck with the conservative curriculum taught in public schools. This further shows the ugly nature of societal inequalities in the country (Doumato Posusney 2003). Quality versus quantity The need to promote provision of education has seen the government through the ministry of education seeks to increase the number of educational l institutions to cater for increasing demand of education. In the year 2010 alone, the government committed in excess of $US 35 billion equivalent to the development of education. Furthermore the government has also given incentives to private property owners to rent them to be used as schools. This has seen an upsurge of school in the country. Critics argue that such huge amount of resources is only focused on quantitative increase in education at the expense of the quality of education. Such a move experts argue has had very negative effect on the quantity of education (Sadaawi 2010). The kingdom poor educational standards are the bane of the country’s social economic development according to public opinion reports. There is an increasing concern that the education is too religious and theoretical. Most students argue that it doesn’t help that they spend too much time studying religious morals, at the expense of such important subject like science. Teachers, students argue, just regurgitate knowledge as it exists in books. There â€Å"nothing of practical value† in the education system and as results the Saudi employer is complaining that colleges and universities are graduating student with very limited practical skills (Faith World 2011). Sadaawi (2010) explains that the ministry of education has a cknowledged the challenge and instigated a series of measures to ensure that the quality of education is not lost in the rush to build more schools. Among such measures include a project adopted from Australia that is aimed at addressing student specific needs, is more interactive and technical oriented. Furthermore the ministry has implemented a school evaluation program that addresses the entire process of education. The ministry has also upgraded the ethical and professional standards for the entire personnel involved in education process. Most importantly there has been efforts to promote the development of cognitive, creative, problem, solving and critical thinking skill amongst Saudi Arabian students. Assessment issues in the Saudi curriculum In line with the kingdom’s effort to improve the quality standards of education in, the curriculum assessment methods are viewed as ways to reform the education system and project it towards future prosperity. However the current a ssessment criterion is disjointed and needs improvement. This is because the curriculum lack in so many areas such as performance standards, disjointed curriculum information generation mechanism, among other short comings. In this case there is need to re evaluate the assessment methods used in the country (Sadaawi 2010) Efforts have been made to review the kingdoms assessment criteria. A proposal has been presented for adoption to the ministry of education. The proposal addresses such areas as follows: the curriculum is to teach as well assess the development of theoretical as well technical and cognitive abilities of the Saudi children. The curricular is to ensure that graduates from Saudi Arabian school are not only competitive in the region but also globally. As such the new assessment criteria must generation valid and reliable information in the areas such as cognitive curriculum outcomes, the students’ attitudes toward specific subjects as well as the learning environ ment. Moreover the proposal suggests the development of assessment tools and instruments such as scoring rubrics to ensure that both the content knowledge and application is tested appropriately. Over and above collecting information about the curriculum, the new assessment method proposed is to also record and analyze that information and use fro the development of future educational needs. Conclusion Saudi Arabian is such a conservative community and as such is not always open to change. As such it has found itself net developing at the same pace despite being one of the richest counties 9n the world due to its massive oil reserves. Its education is facing a myriad of social political challenges. The education system has been the bane of the country’s development plans. This is because it does not embrace practical education. It supports a religious based education that is inclined at producing religious compliant graduates. While this is not entirely wrong, religious educa tion is taught at the expense of practical based subjects. This has greatly impacted educational standards negatively. Other than this gender issues are nit adequately addressed as women still find themselves segregated. Equal opportunities for both boys and girl only exist in private schools, leaving many girls who attend public school subject to such segregationist educational practices. Furthermore text books used in schools have been found to contain deep religious message that promote religious discontent. Despite the government current efforts to review the education system, the country needs to carry out radical reforms and modernize its education system and goals. This will enable the country to develop at the same pace with its peers. Reference List Al-Hariri, R. 1987. Islam’s Point of View on Women’s Education in Saudi Arabia.  Comparative Education23(1). [Online] Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/3099445 Al Sadaawi, A. 2010.Saudi National Assessmen t of Educational Progress (SNAEP).  International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership 5(11). [Online] Available at http://journals.sfu.ca/ijepl/index.php/ijepl/article/download/202/100 Center for Religious Freedom of the Hudson Institute. 2008. 2008 Update: Saudi Arabia’s Curriculum of Intolerance with Excerpts from Saudi Ministry of Education – Textbooks for Islamic Studies. [Online] Available at http://www.hudson.org/files/pdf_upload/saudi_textbooks_final.pdf. Doumato, E., and Posusney, M. 2003. Women and globalization in the Arab Middle  East: genders, economy and society. Colorado: Lynne Reiner Publishers Faith World. 2011. Saudis want more science in religion-heavy education. Reuters. [Online] Available at Feb 10, 2011 08:02 EST http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2011/02/10/saudis-want-more-science-in- religion-heavy-education/ Saudi Arabian Cultural Mission n.d. Education system in Saudi Arabia 2006. [Online] Available at www.sacm.org/Publications/ 58285_Edu_complete.pdf Sedgwick, R. 2001. Education in Saudi Arabia. WENR. [Online] Available at http://www.wes.org/ewenr/01nov/practical.htm. State University. n.d. Saudi Arabia – Educational System—overview. [Online] Available at http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1302/Saudi-Arabia- EDUCATIONAL-SYSTEM-OVERVIEW.html Rugh, W. 1973. Emergence of a New Middle Class in Saudi Arabia. Middle East  Journal 27(1). [Online] Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/4325018 This essay on Educational Issues in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Annabella K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gender Roles in Music essays

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